Air quality reference
Spartanburg, SC
Spartanburg, SC has a published AQI value of 41, categorized as Good, for 2026-05-31T00:00:00+00:00. The defining parameter is PM2.5, based on 1 monitoring sites. AQI is a communication index rather than a direct pollutant concentration, and values from different dates, averaging periods or providers should not be treated as interchangeable. This profile provides measurement context and same-category links but does not provide individualized medical advice.
Key facts
- Location
- Spartanburg, SC
- Air quality index
- 41
- Category
- Good
- Defining parameter
- PM2.5
- Sites reporting
- 1
- Measured at
- 2026-05-31T00:00:00+00:00
- Measurement context
- Daily AQI summary from U.S. EPA AirData; values are not direct pollutant concentrations
Historical air-quality context
Published EPA annual CBSA indicators
Annual AQI summaries are shown independently from pollutant concentrations. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised.
Annual indicator
Days with published AQI
151.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Days with AQI. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 151.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 363.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 363.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 354.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 366.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 348.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 351.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 351.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 364.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 364.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 356.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 359.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 361.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 364.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 359.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 356.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 355.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 354.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 360.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 360.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 358.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 360.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 366.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 364.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 364.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 352.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 359.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 350.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 333.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 261.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 263.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 349.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 325.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 311.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 300.00 days | — | — |
| 1983 | 86.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Good AQI days
83.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Good Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 83.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 201.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 188.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 166.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 206.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 201.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 232.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 206.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 223.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 197.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 161.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 187.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 180.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 182.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 140.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 122.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 122.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 149.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 115.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 102.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 96.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 82.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 94.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 95.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 102.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 87.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 73.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 91.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 237.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 240.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 251.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 256.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 254.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 227.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 282.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 240.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 210.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 202.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 199.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 210.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 204.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 236.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 212.00 days | — | — |
| 1983 | 72.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Hazardous AQI days
0.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Hazardous Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 0.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1983 | 0.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Maximum daily AQI
97.00 AQI index2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Max AQI. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | AQI index | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 97.00 AQI index | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 93.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2024 | 112.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2023 | 136.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2022 | 87.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2021 | 119.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2020 | 112.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2019 | 105.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2018 | 77.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2017 | 108.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2016 | 126.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2015 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2014 | 116.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2013 | 105.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2012 | 93.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2011 | 156.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2010 | 140.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2009 | 101.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2008 | 172.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2007 | 154.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2006 | 172.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2005 | 151.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2004 | 156.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2003 | 172.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2002 | 202.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2001 | 172.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2000 | 187.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1999 | 205.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1998 | 195.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1997 | 169.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1996 | 200.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1995 | 195.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1994 | 172.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1993 | 185.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1992 | 151.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1991 | 172.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1990 | 190.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1989 | 140.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1988 | 164.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1987 | 203.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1986 | 174.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1985 | 151.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1984 | 159.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1983 | 133.00 AQI index | — | — |
Annual indicator
Median daily AQI
47.00 AQI index2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Median AQI. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | AQI index | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 47.00 AQI index | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 48.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2024 | 49.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2023 | 51.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2022 | 47.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2021 | 46.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2020 | 45.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2019 | 45.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2018 | 44.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2017 | 48.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2016 | 52.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2015 | 49.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2014 | 51.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2013 | 49.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2012 | 53.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2011 | 57.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2010 | 56.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2009 | 53.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2008 | 57.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2007 | 61.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2006 | 61.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2005 | 61.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2004 | 60.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2003 | 59.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2002 | 59.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2001 | 60.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2000 | 62.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1999 | 63.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1998 | 43.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1997 | 42.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1996 | 40.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1995 | 39.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1994 | 39.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1993 | 42.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1992 | 36.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1991 | 42.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1990 | 44.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1989 | 35.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1988 | 38.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1987 | 44.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1986 | 41.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1985 | 37.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1984 | 42.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1983 | 37.00 AQI index | — | — |
Annual indicator
Moderate AQI days
68.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Moderate Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 68.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 164.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 171.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 194.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 157.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 152.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 132.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 140.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 142.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 153.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 188.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 177.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 183.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 173.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 219.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 230.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 221.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 214.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 218.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 228.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 224.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 236.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 243.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 243.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 198.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 231.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 241.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 218.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 70.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 80.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 79.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 78.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 76.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 94.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 54.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 97.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 84.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 49.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 44.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 87.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 85.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 62.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 62.00 days | — | — |
| 1983 | 9.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
90th percentile daily AQI
75.00 AQI index2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: 90th Percentile AQI. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | AQI index | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 75.00 AQI index | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 62.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2024 | 71.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2023 | 71.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2022 | 61.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2021 | 64.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2020 | 58.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2019 | 61.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2018 | 60.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2017 | 61.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2016 | 64.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2015 | 67.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2014 | 63.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2013 | 64.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2012 | 66.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2011 | 84.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2010 | 90.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2009 | 68.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2008 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2007 | 93.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2006 | 100.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2005 | 101.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2004 | 92.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2003 | 90.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2002 | 126.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2001 | 105.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2000 | 112.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1999 | 122.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1998 | 122.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1997 | 101.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1996 | 100.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1995 | 93.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1994 | 87.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1993 | 101.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1992 | 71.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1991 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1990 | 101.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1989 | 80.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1988 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1987 | 119.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1986 | 108.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1985 | 80.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1984 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1983 | 87.00 AQI index | — | — |
Annual indicator
Unhealthy AQI days
0.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Unhealthy Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 0.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 3.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 3.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 16.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 7.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 9.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 8.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 14.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 4.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 5.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 5.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 4.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 3.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 3.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 3.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 7.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 4.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 3.00 days | — | — |
| 1983 | 0.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Unhealthy for sensitive groups days
0.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 0.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 4.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 5.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 12.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 18.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 23.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 24.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 32.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 34.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 21.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 20.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 41.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 35.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 43.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 46.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 44.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 41.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 29.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 25.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 18.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 35.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 13.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 26.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 36.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 10.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 17.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 44.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 32.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 12.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 23.00 days | — | — |
| 1983 | 5.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Very unhealthy AQI days
0.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Very Unhealthy Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 0.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1983 | 0.00 days | — | — |
Field-level provenance
Sources for this profile
Dates and licenses apply to the specific facts and series supplied by each source.
U.S. EPA AirData
- Applicable date
- 2026-05-31
- Dataset version
- 10350f77cf0f
- License
- U.S. federal factual data; verify third-party fields
- Attribution
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. EPA AirData
- Applicable date
- 2026-07-30
- Dataset version
- annual-aqi-by-cbsa-v1
- License
- U.S. federal factual data; verify third-party fields
- Attribution
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DataOfWorld deterministic air-quality profile template
- Applicable date
- 2026-05-31
- Dataset version
- air-quality-profile-v1
- License
- Original DataOfWorld text
- Attribution
- DataOfWorld
Reference data can change. Verify consequential decisions against the original source.