Air quality reference
Montgomery, AL
Montgomery, AL has a published AQI value of 48, categorized as Good, for 2026-03-31T00:00:00+00:00. The defining parameter is PM2.5, based on 1 monitoring sites. AQI is a communication index rather than a direct pollutant concentration, and values from different dates, averaging periods or providers should not be treated as interchangeable. This profile provides measurement context and same-category links but does not provide individualized medical advice.
Key facts
- Location
- Montgomery, AL
- Air quality index
- 48
- Category
- Good
- Defining parameter
- PM2.5
- Sites reporting
- 1
- Measured at
- 2026-03-31T00:00:00+00:00
- Measurement context
- Daily AQI summary from U.S. EPA AirData; values are not direct pollutant concentrations
Historical air-quality context
Published EPA annual CBSA indicators
Annual AQI summaries are shown independently from pollutant concentrations. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised.
Annual indicator
Days with published AQI
86.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Days with AQI. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 86.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 359.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 358.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 331.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 354.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 361.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 326.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 346.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 363.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 360.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 285.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 285.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 280.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 283.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 364.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 323.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 349.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 353.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 286.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 285.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 284.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 284.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 316.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 285.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 282.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 323.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 355.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 363.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 366.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 312.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 288.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 287.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 293.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 272.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 268.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 259.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 251.00 days | — | — |
| 1982 | 167.00 days | — | — |
| 1981 | 252.00 days | — | — |
| 1980 | 130.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Good AQI days
45.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Good Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 45.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 229.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 247.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 138.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 270.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 222.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 70.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 84.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 82.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 144.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 193.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 135.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 205.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 208.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 175.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 154.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 106.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 136.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 124.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 91.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 136.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 145.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 145.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 140.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 171.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 141.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 96.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 133.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 238.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 291.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 294.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 297.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 293.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 205.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 226.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 229.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 185.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 225.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 157.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 123.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 155.00 days | — | — |
| 1982 | 125.00 days | — | — |
| 1981 | 187.00 days | — | — |
| 1980 | 74.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Hazardous AQI days
0.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Hazardous Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 0.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1982 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1981 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1980 | 0.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Maximum daily AQI
94.00 AQI index2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Max AQI. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | AQI index | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 94.00 AQI index | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 90.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2024 | 102.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2023 | 93.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2022 | 96.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2021 | 93.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2020 | 116.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2019 | 122.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2018 | 93.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2017 | 246.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2016 | 176.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2015 | 115.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2014 | 87.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2013 | 87.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2012 | 102.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2011 | 108.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2010 | 129.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2009 | 93.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2008 | 122.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2007 | 160.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2006 | 184.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2005 | 133.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2004 | 129.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2003 | 143.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2002 | 164.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2001 | 154.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2000 | 195.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1999 | 200.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1998 | 216.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1997 | 115.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1996 | 174.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1995 | 169.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1994 | 164.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1993 | 174.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1992 | 159.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1991 | 140.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1990 | 151.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1989 | 112.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1988 | 187.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1987 | 223.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1986 | 197.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1982 | 206.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1981 | 195.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1980 | 177.00 AQI index | — | — |
Annual indicator
Median daily AQI
48.00 AQI index2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Median AQI. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | AQI index | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 48.00 AQI index | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 44.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2024 | 42.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2023 | 52.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2022 | 41.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2021 | 44.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2020 | 58.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2019 | 57.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2018 | 57.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2017 | 53.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2016 | 48.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2015 | 53.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2014 | 43.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2013 | 42.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2012 | 46.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2011 | 49.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2010 | 56.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2009 | 53.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2008 | 55.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2007 | 58.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2006 | 52.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2005 | 50.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2004 | 50.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2003 | 51.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2002 | 48.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2001 | 51.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2000 | 60.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1999 | 57.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1998 | 38.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1997 | 31.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1996 | 35.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1995 | 35.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1994 | 36.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1993 | 44.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1992 | 40.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1991 | 39.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1990 | 46.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1989 | 38.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1988 | 46.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1987 | 51.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1986 | 44.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1982 | 40.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1981 | 41.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1980 | 48.00 AQI index | — | — |
Annual indicator
Moderate AQI days
41.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Moderate Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 41.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 130.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 110.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 193.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 95.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 132.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 289.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 280.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 244.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 199.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 168.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 223.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 80.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 77.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 104.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 126.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 250.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 187.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 221.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 243.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 138.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 137.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 132.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 137.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 131.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 128.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 132.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 157.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 86.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 68.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 61.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 54.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 60.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 85.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 50.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 54.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 80.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 46.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 60.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 67.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 50.00 days | — | — |
| 1982 | 36.00 days | — | — |
| 1981 | 47.00 days | — | — |
| 1980 | 34.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
90th percentile daily AQI
65.00 AQI index2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: 90th Percentile AQI. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | AQI index | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 65.00 AQI index | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 57.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2024 | 57.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2023 | 66.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2022 | 58.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2021 | 60.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2020 | 70.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2019 | 71.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2018 | 70.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2017 | 67.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2016 | 61.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2015 | 65.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2014 | 61.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2013 | 61.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2012 | 66.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2011 | 77.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2010 | 74.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2009 | 67.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2008 | 77.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2007 | 89.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2006 | 85.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2005 | 80.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2004 | 78.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2003 | 80.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2002 | 84.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2001 | 86.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2000 | 115.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1999 | 101.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1998 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1997 | 74.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1996 | 71.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1995 | 77.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1994 | 74.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1993 | 93.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1992 | 77.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1991 | 64.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1990 | 100.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1989 | 64.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1988 | 129.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1987 | 151.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1986 | 126.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1982 | 74.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1981 | 93.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1980 | 115.00 AQI index | — | — |
Annual indicator
Unhealthy AQI days
0.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Unhealthy Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 0.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 5.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 6.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 5.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 11.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 5.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 6.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 12.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 21.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 13.00 days | — | — |
| 1982 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1981 | 4.00 days | — | — |
| 1980 | 4.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Unhealthy for sensitive groups days
0.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 0.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 3.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 8.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 4.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 14.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 11.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 3.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 7.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 7.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 12.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 15.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 48.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 28.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 19.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 4.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 10.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 9.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 10.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 16.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 11.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 4.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 26.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 39.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 43.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 33.00 days | — | — |
| 1982 | 5.00 days | — | — |
| 1981 | 14.00 days | — | — |
| 1980 | 18.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Very unhealthy AQI days
0.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Very Unhealthy Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 0.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 5.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1982 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1981 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1980 | 0.00 days | — | — |
Field-level provenance
Sources for this profile
Dates and licenses apply to the specific facts and series supplied by each source.
U.S. EPA AirData
- Applicable date
- 2026-03-31
- Dataset version
- 10350f77cf0f
- License
- U.S. federal factual data; verify third-party fields
- Attribution
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. EPA AirData
- Applicable date
- 2026-07-30
- Dataset version
- annual-aqi-by-cbsa-v1
- License
- U.S. federal factual data; verify third-party fields
- Attribution
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DataOfWorld deterministic air-quality profile template
- Applicable date
- 2026-03-31
- Dataset version
- air-quality-profile-v1
- License
- Original DataOfWorld text
- Attribution
- DataOfWorld
Reference data can change. Verify consequential decisions against the original source.