Air quality reference
Lafayette, LA
Lafayette, LA has a published AQI value of 34, categorized as Good, for 2026-05-31T00:00:00+00:00. The defining parameter is PM2.5, based on 2 monitoring sites. AQI is a communication index rather than a direct pollutant concentration, and values from different dates, averaging periods or providers should not be treated as interchangeable. This profile provides measurement context and same-category links but does not provide individualized medical advice.
Key facts
- Location
- Lafayette, LA
- Air quality index
- 34
- Category
- Good
- Defining parameter
- PM2.5
- Sites reporting
- 2
- Measured at
- 2026-05-31T00:00:00+00:00
- Measurement context
- Daily AQI summary from U.S. EPA AirData; values are not direct pollutant concentrations
Historical air-quality context
Published EPA annual CBSA indicators
Annual AQI summaries are shown independently from pollutant concentrations. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised.
Annual indicator
Days with published AQI
151.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Days with AQI. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 151.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 366.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 366.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 364.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 366.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 366.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 308.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 366.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 362.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 353.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 360.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 363.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 333.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 355.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 362.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 361.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 358.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 344.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 348.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 349.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 352.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 328.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 340.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 337.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 347.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 355.00 days | — | — |
| 1983 | 200.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Good AQI days
135.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Good Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 135.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 234.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 179.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 207.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 207.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 239.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 204.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 212.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 208.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 214.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 241.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 166.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 123.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 140.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 146.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 126.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 81.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 258.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 258.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 257.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 238.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 173.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 248.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 227.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 255.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 248.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 215.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 217.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 256.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 280.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 286.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 259.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 295.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 308.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 312.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 317.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 275.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 289.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 246.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 236.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 256.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 267.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 315.00 days | — | — |
| 1983 | 165.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Hazardous AQI days
0.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Hazardous Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 0.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1983 | 0.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Maximum daily AQI
101.00 AQI index2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Max AQI. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | AQI index | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 101.00 AQI index | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 79.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2024 | 108.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2023 | 112.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2022 | 103.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2021 | 87.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2020 | 120.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2019 | 84.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2018 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2017 | 105.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2016 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2015 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2014 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2013 | 119.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2012 | 129.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2011 | 133.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2010 | 129.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2009 | 147.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2008 | 147.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2007 | 122.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2006 | 169.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2005 | 159.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2004 | 164.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2003 | 156.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2002 | 143.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2001 | 150.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2000 | 208.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1999 | 161.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1998 | 179.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1997 | 174.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1996 | 154.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1995 | 201.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1994 | 172.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1993 | 133.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1992 | 205.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1991 | 122.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1990 | 177.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1989 | 140.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1988 | 185.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1987 | 182.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1986 | 166.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1985 | 172.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1984 | 159.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1983 | 179.00 AQI index | — | — |
Annual indicator
Median daily AQI
41.00 AQI index2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Median AQI. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | AQI index | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 41.00 AQI index | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 46.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2024 | 51.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2023 | 47.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2022 | 47.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2021 | 43.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2020 | 46.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2019 | 46.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2018 | 48.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2017 | 46.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2016 | 46.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2015 | 52.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2014 | 54.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2013 | 53.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2012 | 53.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2011 | 54.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2010 | 58.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2009 | 42.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2008 | 39.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2007 | 40.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2006 | 44.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2005 | 47.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2004 | 42.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2003 | 43.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2002 | 40.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2001 | 41.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2000 | 45.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1999 | 44.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1998 | 37.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1997 | 35.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1996 | 36.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1995 | 38.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1994 | 32.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1993 | 31.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1992 | 31.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1991 | 29.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1990 | 36.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1989 | 31.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1988 | 38.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1987 | 39.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1986 | 35.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1985 | 37.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1984 | 29.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1983 | 26.00 AQI index | — | — |
Annual indicator
Moderate AQI days
15.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Moderate Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 15.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 131.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 184.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 157.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 156.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 126.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 160.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 153.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 157.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 150.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 125.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 199.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 241.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 223.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 217.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 234.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 274.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 104.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 101.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 98.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 113.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 117.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 99.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 116.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 90.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 102.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 115.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 121.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 53.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 68.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 50.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 65.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 48.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 40.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 25.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 25.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 54.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 43.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 50.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 71.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 60.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 59.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 28.00 days | — | — |
| 1983 | 27.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
90th percentile daily AQI
51.00 AQI index2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: 90th Percentile AQI. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | AQI index | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 51.00 AQI index | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 60.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2024 | 64.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2023 | 64.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2022 | 64.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2021 | 61.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2020 | 64.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2019 | 61.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2018 | 66.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2017 | 68.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2016 | 62.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2015 | 66.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2014 | 67.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2013 | 68.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2012 | 71.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2011 | 72.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2010 | 80.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2009 | 61.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2008 | 74.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2007 | 74.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2006 | 87.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2005 | 93.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2004 | 77.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2003 | 87.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2002 | 65.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2001 | 77.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2000 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1999 | 90.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1998 | 87.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1997 | 84.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1996 | 77.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1995 | 112.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1994 | 74.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1993 | 61.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1992 | 50.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1991 | 49.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1990 | 80.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1989 | 71.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1988 | 100.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1987 | 100.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1986 | 90.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1985 | 80.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1984 | 58.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1983 | 74.00 AQI index | — | — |
Annual indicator
Unhealthy AQI days
0.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Unhealthy Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 0.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 5.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 3.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 4.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 10.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 6.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 6.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 6.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1983 | 1.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Unhealthy for sensitive groups days
1.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 1.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 3.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 3.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 5.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 10.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 3.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 7.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 10.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 12.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 16.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 18.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 17.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 8.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 10.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 26.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 24.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 20.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 16.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 18.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 27.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 17.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 10.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 6.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 6.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 18.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 20.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 26.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 27.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 20.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 15.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 11.00 days | — | — |
| 1983 | 7.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Very unhealthy AQI days
0.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Very Unhealthy Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 0.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1983 | 0.00 days | — | — |
Field-level provenance
Sources for this profile
Dates and licenses apply to the specific facts and series supplied by each source.
U.S. EPA AirData
- Applicable date
- 2026-05-31
- Dataset version
- 10350f77cf0f
- License
- U.S. federal factual data; verify third-party fields
- Attribution
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. EPA AirData
- Applicable date
- 2026-07-30
- Dataset version
- annual-aqi-by-cbsa-v1
- License
- U.S. federal factual data; verify third-party fields
- Attribution
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DataOfWorld deterministic air-quality profile template
- Applicable date
- 2026-05-31
- Dataset version
- air-quality-profile-v1
- License
- Original DataOfWorld text
- Attribution
- DataOfWorld
Reference data can change. Verify consequential decisions against the original source.