Air quality reference
Bowling Green, KY
Bowling Green, KY has a published AQI value of 44, categorized as Good, for 2026-04-30T00:00:00+00:00. The defining parameter is Ozone, based on 1 monitoring sites. AQI is a communication index rather than a direct pollutant concentration, and values from different dates, averaging periods or providers should not be treated as interchangeable. This profile provides measurement context and same-category links but does not provide individualized medical advice.
Key facts
- Location
- Bowling Green, KY
- Air quality index
- 44
- Category
- Good
- Defining parameter
- Ozone
- Sites reporting
- 1
- Measured at
- 2026-04-30T00:00:00+00:00
- Measurement context
- Daily AQI summary from U.S. EPA AirData; values are not direct pollutant concentrations
Historical air-quality context
Published EPA annual CBSA indicators
Annual AQI summaries are shown independently from pollutant concentrations. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised.
Annual indicator
Days with published AQI
119.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Days with AQI. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 119.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 366.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 366.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 366.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 366.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 366.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 366.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 365.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 366.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 361.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 362.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 352.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 364.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 360.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 322.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 348.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 355.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 346.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 334.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 328.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 332.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 337.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 350.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 361.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 11.00 days | — | — |
| 1982 | 1.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Good AQI days
77.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Good Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 77.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 276.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 281.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 236.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 245.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 218.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 237.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 204.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 202.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 186.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 188.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 262.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 231.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 226.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 205.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 165.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 163.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 204.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 167.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 129.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 222.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 192.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 221.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 207.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 206.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 198.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 162.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 148.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 191.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 214.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 228.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 214.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 219.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 234.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 245.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 278.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 247.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 244.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 212.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 196.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 241.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 255.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 11.00 days | — | — |
| 1982 | 0.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Hazardous AQI days
0.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Hazardous Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 0.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1982 | 0.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Maximum daily AQI
75.00 AQI index2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Max AQI. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | AQI index | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 75.00 AQI index | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 77.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2024 | 87.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2023 | 155.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2022 | 84.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2021 | 117.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2020 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2019 | 77.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2018 | 100.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2017 | 87.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2016 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2015 | 90.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2014 | 100.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2013 | 105.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2012 | 161.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2011 | 108.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2010 | 126.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2009 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2008 | 108.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2007 | 147.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2006 | 136.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2005 | 140.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2004 | 105.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2003 | 161.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2002 | 187.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2001 | 172.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2000 | 182.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1999 | 200.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1998 | 195.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1997 | 182.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1996 | 172.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1995 | 187.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1994 | 154.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1993 | 136.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1992 | 122.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1991 | 139.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1990 | 156.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1989 | 151.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1988 | 209.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1987 | 221.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1986 | 177.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1985 | 174.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1984 | 30.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1982 | 192.00 AQI index | — | — |
Annual indicator
Median daily AQI
44.00 AQI index2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Median AQI. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | AQI index | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 44.00 AQI index | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 41.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2024 | 41.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2023 | 45.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2022 | 44.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2021 | 45.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2020 | 44.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2019 | 48.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2018 | 48.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2017 | 50.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2016 | 50.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2015 | 42.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2014 | 44.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2013 | 44.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2012 | 48.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2011 | 52.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2010 | 52.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2009 | 47.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2008 | 52.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2007 | 57.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2006 | 46.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2005 | 49.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2004 | 46.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2003 | 47.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2002 | 47.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2001 | 48.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2000 | 54.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1999 | 58.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1998 | 48.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1997 | 44.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1996 | 44.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1995 | 45.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1994 | 43.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1993 | 42.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1992 | 40.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1991 | 37.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1990 | 40.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1989 | 39.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1988 | 43.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1987 | 45.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1986 | 41.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1985 | 41.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1984 | 25.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1982 | 192.00 AQI index | — | — |
Annual indicator
Moderate AQI days
42.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Moderate Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 42.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 89.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 85.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 123.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 120.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 145.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 129.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 161.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 163.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 179.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 178.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 103.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 134.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 138.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 144.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 196.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 196.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 161.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 196.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 201.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 136.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 149.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 142.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 143.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 125.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 144.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 177.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 142.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 122.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 120.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 114.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 121.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 92.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 110.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 102.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 61.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 67.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 57.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 77.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 92.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 78.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 75.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1982 | 0.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
90th percentile daily AQI
65.00 AQI index2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: 90th Percentile AQI. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | AQI index | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 65.00 AQI index | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 55.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2024 | 55.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2023 | 64.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2022 | 58.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2021 | 65.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2020 | 58.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2019 | 61.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2018 | 63.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2017 | 61.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2016 | 62.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2015 | 58.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2014 | 64.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2013 | 64.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2012 | 77.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2011 | 74.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2010 | 74.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2009 | 65.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2008 | 77.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2007 | 100.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2006 | 80.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2005 | 93.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2004 | 77.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2003 | 87.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2002 | 100.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2001 | 93.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 2000 | 93.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1999 | 126.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1998 | 112.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1997 | 84.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1996 | 90.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1995 | 93.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1994 | 84.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1993 | 71.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1992 | 74.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1991 | 67.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1990 | 87.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1989 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1988 | 119.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1987 | 122.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1986 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1985 | 97.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1984 | 29.00 AQI index | — | — |
| 1982 | 192.00 AQI index | — | — |
Annual indicator
Unhealthy AQI days
0.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Unhealthy Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 0.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 7.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 5.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 18.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 11.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 3.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 6.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 12.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 9.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1982 | 1.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Unhealthy for sensitive groups days
0.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 0.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 5.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 2.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 16.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 4.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 6.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 3.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 35.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 7.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 24.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 3.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 14.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 27.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 21.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 22.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 53.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 38.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 15.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 20.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 19.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 10.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 4.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 8.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 7.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 18.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 26.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 25.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 39.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 29.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 29.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1982 | 0.00 days | — | — |
Annual indicator
Very unhealthy AQI days
0.00 days2026
EPA annual CBSA summary field: Very Unhealthy Days. Current-year values are provisional because reporting is incomplete and can be revised. Values retain the source period and unit.
View source data
| Period | days | Source flag | Confidentiality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 0.00 days | provisional-current-year | — |
| 2025 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2024 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2023 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2022 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2021 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2020 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2019 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2018 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2017 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2016 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2015 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2014 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2013 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2012 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2011 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2010 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2009 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2008 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2007 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2006 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2005 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2004 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2003 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2002 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2001 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 2000 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1999 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1998 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1997 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1996 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1995 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1994 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1993 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1992 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1991 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1990 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1989 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1988 | 6.00 days | — | — |
| 1987 | 1.00 days | — | — |
| 1986 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1985 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1984 | 0.00 days | — | — |
| 1982 | 0.00 days | — | — |
Field-level provenance
Sources for this profile
Dates and licenses apply to the specific facts and series supplied by each source.
U.S. EPA AirData
- Applicable date
- 2026-04-30
- Dataset version
- 10350f77cf0f
- License
- U.S. federal factual data; verify third-party fields
- Attribution
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. EPA AirData
- Applicable date
- 2026-07-30
- Dataset version
- annual-aqi-by-cbsa-v1
- License
- U.S. federal factual data; verify third-party fields
- Attribution
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
DataOfWorld deterministic air-quality profile template
- Applicable date
- 2026-04-30
- Dataset version
- air-quality-profile-v1
- License
- Original DataOfWorld text
- Attribution
- DataOfWorld
Reference data can change. Verify consequential decisions against the original source.